negative and positive effects of land reform in zimbabwe

<< << /FontBBox [ -558 -307 2000 1026 ] [35] President Mugabe responded by indicating that in his opinion land reform was a strictly political issue, not one to be questioned or debated by the judiciary. /Ascent 891 Notwithstanding the Lancaster House commitments, Short stated that her government was only prepared to support a programme of land reform that was part of a poverty eradication strategy. The land issue almost derailed the negotiations with Britain that led to the birth of Zimbabwe in 1980. Notice the rapid accelleration of the decline of the Zimbabwe Dollar on this chart, in the year 2002, the year ZDERA of 2001 came into effect. << stream 62 0 obj [2] The programme also left another 200,000 farmworkers displaced and homeless, with just under 5% receiving compensation in the form of land expropriated from their ousted employers. 49 0 obj The 3 0 obj >> There are many advantages to land reforms … /Type /Font On 26–27 February 2000,[40] the pro-Mugabe Zimbabwe National Liberation War Veterans Association (ZNLWVA) organised several people (including but not limited to war veterans; many of them were their children and grandchildren) to march on white-owned farmlands, initially with drums, song and dance. 6 0 obj Currently, Rwanda is also dealing with this problem, but so … [19] Secondly, the legislation resulted in enforced overuse of the land in the TTLs due to overpopulation there. [24] A related phenomenon was the existence of black communities, especially those congregated around missions, which were oblivious to the legislation and unwittingly squatting on land redesignated for white ownership. The programme's stated targets were intended to alter the ethnic balance of land ownership. endobj [page number of print ed. /FirstChar 32 A mere reference to land reforms in Zimbabwe raised eyebrows. Moreover, Mnangagwa’s focus on land reform is the right approach with regards to its agricultural sector. /LastChar 150 /ItalicAngle 0 /ColorSpace << 15 0 obj >> [11] A year later the Zimbabwean government announced that it would be compensating dispossessed white farmers for infrastructure investments in the land and had committed to pay out US$3.5 billion. /SA false endobj 36 0 obj /StemV 116.867 /Flags 98 Land Reform Programme in Zimbabwe: Disparity Between Policy Design and Implementation Medicine Masiiwa Institute of Development Studies University of Zimbabwe May 2004 Note: An adapted version of this paper appears in the edited collection Post Independence Land Reform in Zimbabwe, published in May 2004 by the Friedrich Ebert Stiftung in Harare. /ItalicAngle -15 << >> After Zimbabwe’s Fast Track Land Reform: Preliminary Observations on the Near Future of Zimbabwe’s Efforts to Resist Globalization, Bill Derman, 2006, Colloque international “Les frontières de la question foncière – At the frontier of land issues”. [33] Parliament passed the Land Acquisition Act in 1985, which gave the government first right to purchase excess land for redistribution to the landless. /Font << /ExtGState << Benefits and costs of land reform in Zimbabwe with implications for Southern Africa, Klaus Deininger, Hans Hoogeveen and Bill Kinsey >> /TT6 69 0 R endobj /FontName /Arial-BoldMT 59 0 obj << >> /OPM 1 << 60 0 obj Zimbabwe began paying compensation to white farmers who lost their farms and the government is actively seeking more participants. In the sixteenth century, Portuguese explorers had attempted to open up Zimbabwe for trading purposes, but the country was not permanently settled by European immigrants until three hundred years later. /GS1 61 0 R /GS1 61 0 R When these met with little success, the destocking programme became mandatory in 1941, forcing all residents of the TTLs to sell or slaughter animals declared surplus. Population growth frequently resulted in the over-utilisation of the existing land, which became greatly diminished both in terms of cultivation and grazing due to the larger number of people attempting to share the same acreage. /CapHeight 1000 We therefore believe that the positive role of the private sector in land reform can and should be /XHeight 1000 settlements thrive to survive. >> In 2001, Zimbabwe was the world's sixth-largest producer of tobacco, behind only China, Brazil, India, the United States and Indonesia. There is widespread agreement on the need for land reform in Zimbabwe as a means of reducing poverty. << >> Since Zimbabwe's land reform process in the year 2000 and the subsequent economic down turn, increasing focus has been placed on mining as the main productive activities. /FontWeight 400 Growth in the sector has seen an increase in small and large scale mining operations. 24 0 obj 6 (4), November 1996. (�+����D�̪ -4�w��8�$}�=�VP��Ρ��T��A"���0�7�4�Fc� h�b```f``�f`a`����ˀ �L@Q�����Ig�)'f�30�Z}�A [25], In 1977, the Land Tenure Act was amended by the Rhodesian parliament, which further reduced the amount of land reserved for white ownership to 200,000 hectares, or 500,000 acres. /GS1 61 0 R 70 0 obj /TT10 63 0 R In 2016, then Zimbabwean president Robert Mugabe declared a state of disaster for agriculture, a declaration which allowed international donors to help. [43], The violent takeover of Alamein Farm by retired Army General Solomon Mujuru sparked the first legal action against one of Robert Mugabe's inner circle. /FontStretch /Normal Mining and agriculture are the key economic activities in Zimbabwe. << [32], The perceived monopolisation of land by the ruling party provoked intense opposition from the ESAP donor states, which argued that those outside the patronage of ZANU-PF were unlikely to benefit. [22], Following Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence, land legislation was again amended with the Rhodesian Land Tenure Act of 1969. Whereas Zimbabwe was the world's sixth-largest producer of tobacco in 2001,[67] in 2005 it produced less than a third the amount produced in 2000. 48 0 obj << [14], Land hunger was at the centre of the Rhodesian Bush War, and was addressed at Lancaster House, which sought to concede equitable redistribution to the landless without damaging the white farmers' vital contribution to Zimbabwe's economy. /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] With the United States demanding the country must return the land before it can lift the chocking sanctions it has imposed on the once flourishing southern Africa country, Emmerson leapt into action. [79], Critics of the land reforms have contended that they have had a serious detrimental effect on the Zimbabwean economy. After Zimbabwe’s Fast Track Land Reform: Preliminary Observations on the Near Future of Zimbabwe’s Efforts to Resist Globalization, Bill Derman, 2006, Colloque international “Les frontières de la question foncière – At the frontier of land issues”. Africa South Africa: The unknown impact of land reform. /ColorSpace << /FontDescriptor 39 0 R The Land Reform programme in Zimbabwe has been a major area of international discussion for almost five years now; mainly due to the hitherto unprecedented approach taken by the government of Zimbabwe to address this very emotive issue. Such positive change to revenue of farmer has been brought about by freedom of choice available to farmers and increase in competition brought about as a side effect of land reforms. null /BaseFont /TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT The economy faces crisis hyper-inflation, foreign currency and commodity shortages and The effects of the hyperinflation in Zimbabwe were negative such as currency depreciated, shortage of basic gods, and high unemployment. As a result Zimbabw e is a fragile failed state without even its ow n currency and null /Flags 34 /FontBBox [ -665 -325 2000 1006 ] /FontBBox [ -547 -307 1401 1032 ] [68], Zimbabwe was once so rich in agricultural produce that it was dubbed the "bread basket" of Southern Africa, while it is now struggling to feed its own population. [22] White farmers continued to own 73.8% of the most fertile land suited for intensive cash crop cultivation and livestock grazing, in addition to generating 80% of the country's total agricultural output. >> [52] The Supreme Court of Zimbabwe ruled against legal challenges to this amendment. /LastChar 119 69 0 obj /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding Zimbabwe's often violent land reform programme has not been the complete economic disaster widely portrayed, a study by the UK's Institute of Development Studies at Sussex University finds. /GS1 61 0 R endobj [14] Collectively known as the Pioneer Column, the settlers established the city of Salisbury, now Harare. /Type /FontDescriptor Book Review of The Land Question in Zimbabwe - Sam Moyo, Development in Practice, Vol. Land Reform under Structural Adjustment in Zimbabwe: Land Use Change in the Mashonaland Provinces Moyo, S. 1998. In response to moves by the National Constitutional Assembly, a group of academics, trade unionists and other political activists, the government drafted a new constitution. 71 0 obj >> More than two decades after the end of apartheid in South Africa, the unequal distribution of land remains. The programme's stated targets were intended to alter the ethnic balance of land ownership. The discussion below outlines the effects of dollarisation on the Zimbabwean economy, namely the reduction of the competitiveness of local products in the international market on the negative side, and the reduction of capital flight and improved savings ability on the positive side. [61] About 5% of the households (not the same as 5% of the land) went to absentee farmers well connected to ZANU-PF. The government also mentioned that black farmers who received land under the controversial land reform program would be moved to allow the former owners "to regain possession". Landowners were given thirty days to submit written objections. Despite vast support in the media, the new constitution was defeated, 55% to 45%. /TT12 40 0 R /ExtGState << /TT4 67 0 R Zimbabwe responded by embarking on a "fast track" redistribution campaign, forcibly confiscating white farms without compensation. /LastChar 32 The decline in agricultural production played a central role in the damaging land reform of the early 2000s, due to agriculture’s large share contribution to Zimbabwe’s GDP and employment. [31] After 1983, the domestic budget could no longer sustain resettlement measures, and despite British aid the number of farms being purchased gradually declined for the remainder of the decade. ��� �4U@ ���?Hs1Xd�ffrl�r`^b��־�k΂�`)� �4#w�,��� � +)� This in itself shows the robustness of the process, and how right it has been. /LastChar 148 [32] Prime Minister Mugabe, who assumed an executive presidency in 1987, had urged restraint by enforcing a leadership code of conduct which barred members of the ruling party, ZANU-PF, from monopolising large tracts of farmland and then renting them out for profit. /StemV 138 The Zimbabwe Farmers Union believes the land reform will have a positive impact on economy in terms of increased output and employment opportunities if it is implemented in a manner that addresses three key aspects:- Selection and settling of competent well resourced farmers Providing settled farmers with a secure tenure system [26] Between 1975 and 1976 Rhodesia's urban population doubled as thousands of rural dwellers, mostly from TTLs, fled to the cities to escape the fighting. [41] Violent confrontations between the farmers and the war veterans occurred and resulted in exchanges of gunfire, as well as a state of armed siege on the affected farms. International tobacco companies contracted with small-scale subsistence farmers to buy their crop. Ndebele monarchs acquired large swaths of land for themselves accordingly. 31 0 obj endobj Land reform is a system whereby statutory division of agricultural land and its reallocation to landless people takes place. Africans lost their land, and inheritance from their ancestors; It brewed hatred between Europeans and Africans which continued till … [32], In 1986, the government of Zimbabwe cited financial restraints and an ongoing drought as the two overriding factors influencing the slow progress of land reform. /TT4 67 0 R /Ascent 891 [14] Both these peoples later came to form the nucleus of the Shona civilisation, along with the Zezuru in central Zimbabwe, the Korekore in the north, the Manyika in the east, the Ndau in the southeast, and the Kalanga in the southwest. /FontName /TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT /FontName /ArialMT [22] Another 7.2 million acres were also set aside for sale to black farmers, known as the Native Purchase Areas. /TT8 71 0 R She had other questions regarding the way in which land would be acquired and compensation paid, and the transparency of the process. endobj null >> [15] Land was considered the collective property of all the residents in a given chiefdom, with the chief mediating disagreements and issues pertaining to its use. /FontWeight 700 Both the commercial farms and the subsistence sector maintained large cattle herds, but over 60% of domestic beef was furnished by the former. [22] It reduced the amount of land reserved for white ownership to 45 million acres and reserved another 45 million acres for black ownership, introducing parity in theory; however, the most fertile farmland in Regions I, II, and III continued to be included in the white enclave. /Subtype /TrueType Land Reform Programme in Zimbabwe: Disparity Between Policy Design and Implementation Medicine Masiiwa Institute of Development Studies University of Zimbabwe May 2004 Note: An adapted version of this paper appears in the edited collection Post Independence Land Reform in Zimbabwe, published in May 2004 by the Friedrich Ebert Stiftung in Harare. [7] Export crops have suffered tremendously in this period. << /Font << [16] At independence from the United Kingdom in 1980, the Zimbabwean authorities were empowered to initiate the necessary reforms; as long as land was bought and sold on a willing basis, the British government would finance half the cost. Land reform in Zimbabwe has been hobbled, attacked, demonised and villified – and it still continues on. [29] Many former supporters of the nationalist movements felt that the promises of Nkomo and Mugabe with regards to the land had not been truly fulfilled. /Nums [ 0 42 0 R ] /LastChar 121 /Author (Raj) Masvingo is however a part of the country with relatively poor farming land, and it is possible more farms went to "cell-phone farmers" in other parts of the country, according to the study. /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding World media demonised Zimbabwe and the fast-track land reforms which were initiated in 1999. [62] The study has been criticised for focusing on detailed local cases in one province (Masvingo Province) and ignoring the violent nature of resettlement and aspects of international law. >> It is hoped that one of the positive effects of the indigenisation laws is to enable government to effectively regulate the direction of bank credit. 4.3.1 The Positive/Negative Effects of the FTLRP 67 4.3.2 The Negative/Positive Effects of the FTLRP on the Environment 70 ... chapter traces land reform in Zimbabwe from the time when it started and how it was implemented by both the Rhodesian and Zimbabwean governments. endobj The opposition mostly boycotted the drafting stage of the constitution claiming that this new version was to entrench Mugabe politically. H��VMs�6��W��0�M��Nƞ�i,��6���`��H9$e��}wAH�?z�hF\�ۇ��[~�r�퓏��p6�av�p����b��RHfT!a�$�&�(h0O�hm��I;����z�f��ʘL�p�Z��%�n`:�};�P�p�{_u�;�LON��dW�ӄ���%�aJΙ-F䗗� �%0��!ҷvY��2����2� /Font << /Cs6 60 0 R << THE Economic Structural Adjustment Programme (ESAP) is a neo-liberal market-driven policy measure adopted in Zimbabwe as a prescriptive solution to the economic crisis of the 1980s. /CapHeight 1000 << /FirstChar 32 The Land Reform programme in Zimbabwe has been a major area of international discussion for almost five years now; mainly due to the hitherto unprecedented approach taken by the government of Zimbabwe to address this very emotive issue. The predominantly white farm owners were forced off their lands along with their workers, who were typically of regional descent. /ColorSpace << During the first and second phases of the land reform programme government pursued a narrowly defined land reform programme which focused solely on the In his Ph.D. thesis Traditions of Domesticity in ‘’Modern” Zimbabwe Politics; Race Gender and Class in the Government of Commercial Farm Workers in Hurunawe District. Land reform in countries with high levels of land inequality is seen by most development experts as an effective means of reducing poverty, since land enriches the asset portfolio of poor households (HHs) and carries with it the potential for agricultural production and entrepreneurship. land is the slogan encouraging land reform in Zimbabwe (Mugabe, 2001). >> [22], The Southern Rhodesian Land Apportionment Act reserved 49 million acres for white ownership and left 17.7 million acres of land unassigned to either the white preserve or the TTLs. >> >> /FontDescriptor 66 0 R null >> Land reform in Zimbabwe has been hobbled, attacked, demonised and villified – and it still continues on. 1996. [46][47] Many other legal challenges to land acquisition or to eviction were not successful. << § Speeding up the identification for … %���� /FirstChar 32 [63] Critics continue to maintain that the primary beneficiaries are Mugabe loyalists. /Count 9 [57], After close to two decades, Zimbabwe has started the process of returning land to farmers whose farms were taken over. [51][citation needed], Parliament, dominated by Zanu-PF, passed a constitutional amendment, signed into law on 12 September 2005, that nationalised farmland acquired through the "Fast Track" process and deprived original landowners of the right to challenge in court the government's decision to expropriate their land. /ColorSpace << /ColorSpace << argue that redistributive land reform can improve growth. Guerrilla veterans of the Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army (ZANLA) and Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) began to emerge as a radical force in the land issue around this time. 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